ifo Business Climate Index for Germany

ifo Business Climate Index Rises (February 2023)

Sentiment has improved among German business leaders. The ifo Business Climate Index rose to 91.1 points in February, up from 90.1 points  in January. Expectations in particular were brighter. However, assessments of the current situation were slightly less good. The German economy is gradually working its way out of a period of weakness.


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Infografik, ifo Geschäftsklima Deutschland, Februar 2023

In manufacturing, the index rose to its highest level since May 2022. This was due to companies’ notably improved expectations. Manufacturers assessed their current business as a little worse. They received fewer new orders.

In the service sector, the business climate improved for the fifth consecutive month. Service providers were somewhat more satisfied with their current business situation. Moreover, their confidence regarding the coming months continued to grow. Sentiment improved particularly strongly in hospitality and tourism.
In trade, the index rose once again. Expectations in particular were less skeptical. Businesses were also more satisfied with their current situation. Wholesalers and retailers are getting over last year’s collapse in sentiment.

In construction, the business climate improved a little. Companies were more satisfied with their current business situation. However, their expectations are still marked by significant pessimism.

Clemens Fuest
President of the ifo Institute

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ifo Geschäftsklimaindex gestiegen (Februar 2023)

info graphic ifo Business Climate February 2023

The ifo Business Climate is based on approx. 9,000 monthly responses from businesses in manufacturing, the service sector, trade, and construction. Companies are asked to give their assessments of the current business situation and their expectations for the next six months. They can describe their situation as “good,” “satisfactory,” or “poor” and their business expectations for the next six months as “more favorable,” “unchanged,” or "less favorable.” The balance value of the current business situation is the difference in the percentage shares of the responses “good” and “poor”; the balance value of expectations is the difference in the percentage shares of the responses “more favorable” and “less favorable.” The business climate is a transformed mean of the balances of the business situation and the expectations. To calculate the index values, the transformed balances are all normalized to the average for the year 2015.

info graphic ifo Business Climate February 2023

The ifo Business Climate is based on approx. 9,000 monthly responses from businesses in manufacturing, the service sector, trade, and construction. Companies are asked to give their assessments of the current business situation and their expectations for the next six months. They can describe their situation as “good,” “satisfactory,” or “poor” and their business expectations for the next six months as “more favorable,” “unchanged,” or "less favorable.” The balance value of the current business situation is the difference in the percentage shares of the responses “good” and “poor”; the balance value of expectations is the difference in the percentage shares of the responses “more favorable” and “less favorable.” The business climate is a transformed mean of the balances of the business situation and the expectations. To calculate the index values, the transformed balances are all normalized to the average for the year 2015.

info graphic ifo Business Climate February 2023

The ifo Business Cycle Clock shows the cyclical relationship between the current business situation and business expectations in a four-quadrant diagram. In this diagram, economic activity – shown on a graph plotting the current situation against expectations – passes through quadrants labeled with the different phases of activity, namely recovery, boom, slowdown, and crisis; provided that the expectations indicator sufficiently precedes the current business situation indicator. If survey participants’ assessments of the current business situation and their business expectations are both below average on balance, economic activity is plotted in the “crisis” quadrant. If the expectations indicator is above average (with an improving but below average business situation on balance), economic activity moves to the “recovery” quadrant. If the business situation and expectations are both above average on balance, economic activity appears in the “boom” quadrant. If, however, the expectations indicator falls below average (with a deteriorating but above average business situation on balance), economic activity slips into the “slowdown” quadrant.

info graphic ifo Business Climate February 2023

The ifo Business Uncertainty measures how difficult it is for managers to predict the development of their company’s business situation over the next six months. The measure is calculated based on the weighted fractions of companies that fall into the answer options “easy,” “fairly easy,” “fairly difficult,” and “difficult” of a corresponding question in the ifo Business Survey. To this end, the answer categories are mapped onto a numerical scale with equally spaced intervals. Theoretically, the ifo Business Uncertainty can range from 0 to 100. Higher values indicate higher uncertainty: the future business situation is more difficult to predict.

 

info graphic ifo Business Climate February 2023

Monthly  movements in the ifo Business Climate Index Germany can be translated into probabilities for the two cyclical regimes expansion and contraction using a Markov switching model. The ifo Business Cycle Traffic Lights show the monthly regime probabilities for the expansion phase. Probabilities exceeding the 66% mark signal an economic expansion (green lights); probabilities under the 33% mark signal a contraction (red lights); probabilities in the range in between those two marks signal indifference (yellow lights). This indifference can be interpreted as a buffer zone between the regimes expansion and contraction, in which particularly great uncertainty exists about the state of the economy.

 

info graphic ifo Business Climate February 2023

The ifo Heatmap is a compact summary of the ifo Business Cycle Clock for the individual sectors of the German economy. If the ifo Heatmap shows dark blue, then the business situation and expectations are below average and companies are in crisis. As business expectations improve, the light red recovery sets in. If the business situation and expectations are above average, companies are in a dark red boom, which is often referred to as overheating. If the light blue cooling sets in, then business expectations are deteriorating.

ifo Business Climate Germany

(Index, 2015 = 100, seasonally adjusted)

  02/22 03/22 04/22 05/22 06/22 07/22 08/22 09/22 10/22 11/22 12/22 01/23 02/23
Climate 98.6 90.7 92.0 93.2 92.3 89.0 89.0 84.4 84.4 86.4 88.6 90.1 91.1
Situation 98.8 97.4 97.5 100.0 99.6 98.0 97.7 94.6 94.2 93.2 94.4 94.1 93.9
Expectations 98.5 84.5 86.7 86.8 85.5 80.9 81.1 75.3 75.6 80.0 83.1 86.4 88.5

Source: ifo Business Survey.
© ifo Institute

ifo Business Climate Germany and by Sector

(Balances, seasonally adjusted)

  02/22 03/22 04/22 05/22 06/22 07/22 08/22 09/22 10/22 11/22 12/22 01/23 02/23
Germany 15.6 -1.7 1.1 3.6 1.7 -5.4 -5.4 -15.5 -15.5 -11.2 -6.3 -3.0 -0.8
Manufacturing 22.5 -3.1 -0.1 3.2 0.2 -6.3 -6.2 -14.3 -15.6 -11.7 -5.7 -0.7 1.5
Service Sector 13.4 1.5 5.8 8.6 10.9 1.5 1.8 -8.7 -8.5 -5.3 -1.2 0.2 1.3
Trade 6.2 -11.8 -13.1 -10.7 -14.7 -21.5 -25.7 -32.3 -31.9 -26.9 -20.0 -15.4 -10.6
Construction 8.2 -12.1 -20.3 -12.1 -9.9 -16.3 -14.8 -21.9 -23.8 -21.2 -21.8 -21.7 -19.6

Source: ifo Business Survey.
© ifo Institute

Time Series

Contact
Dr. Klaus Wohlrabe

Dr. Klaus Wohlrabe

Deputy Director of the ifo Center for Macroeconomics and Surveys and Head of Surveys
Tel
+49(0)89/9224-1229
Fax
+49(0)89/9224-1463
Mail
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